Greenhouse gases accounting in the vine and wine sector- Recognised gases and inventory of emissions and sequestrations

RESOLUTION OIV-CST 503AB-2015

GREENHOUSE GASES ACCOUNTING IN THE VINE AND WINE SECTOR – RECOGNISED GASES AND INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS AND SEQUESTRATIONS

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY,

CONSIDERING the urgent need of developing an international and harmonised system for the calculation of the greenhouses gases (GHG) emissions and removals specific for the vitivinicultural sector, as it is required by the OIV resolution 425/2010,

CONSIDERING the action F.1 of the OIV 2012-2014 Strategic Plan which suggests developing a methodology for the calculation of the vine and wine industry greenhouse gases,

CONSIDERING the resolution OIV-CST 431-2011, establishing the General Principles of the GHG accounting in the vitivinicultural sector;

CONSIDERING the necessity to provide more specific information on the GHG emissions to be taken into consideration and on their valuation, stipulated by the resolution OIV-CST 431-2011;

CONSIDERING the works of the International panel on climate change (IPCC)

CONSIDERING relevant standards adopted by international organisations, included the environmental product declaration

RECOGNISES the difficulty to determine universal values of GHG emissions for each of the activities of the vitivinicultural sector.

DECIDES to adopt these recommendations for GHG emissions inventory in the vitivinicultural sector on the GHG to be taken into consideration and their warming potentials as well as on the activities and their impact to be considered;

AND DECIDES to provide more specific information on existing national and international methodologies for valuation of GHG emissions in a separate informative report, which will be updated on a regular basis by OIV experts.

Scope of the document

I. Recognised Green House Gases and their global warming potential

II. Components of the inventory of GHG

III. Quantification process

Scope of the document

By the decision of the General Assembly of Tbilisi, Georgia (resolution 425/2010) the OIV decided to develop an International Protocol for the accounting of the greenhouse gas emissions in grape and wine production (OIV GHG protocol).

The general principles of the OIV GHG protocol were set up in October 2011 (resolution OIV-CST 431-2011). The general objective of the Protocol, as defined by the OIV-CST 431-2011 is “to provide organisations, businesses and other stakeholders with clear and consistent method for the complete assessment of the GHG emissions associated with vine and wine companies’ activities”.

Specific objectives of the OIV GHG protocol are:

To help companies working in the vitivinicultural sector to prepare a GHG inventory that represents a true and fair account of their emissions, through the use of standardized approaches and principles.
To simplify and reduce the costs of compiling a GHG inventory
To provide business with information that can be used to build an effective strategy to manage and reduce GHG emissions
To increase consistency and transparency in GHG accounting and reporting among various companies and GHG programs

This document aims to provide more specific information on the items to be considered when accounting for GHG emissions of an enterprise or of a specific product as well as detailed information on the GHG to be considered (inventory).

Recognised Green House Gases and their global warming potential

The vine and wine sector entails a series of activities which sequestrate and emit greenhouse gases. The OIV GHG protocol covers (OIV-CST 431-2011) the four greenhouse gases and two groups of gases considered under Kyoto Protocol:

carbon dioxide ()
methane ()
nitrous oxide ()
sulphur hexafluoride ()
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

The following table presents the green house gases produced and sequestrated by various activities of the vitivinicultural sector:

Table 1 GHG gases in viticulture and examples of activities producing and storing them

Activity	Gases concerned
Vine respiration and photosynthesis Deforestation/Land use change (land clearing and tillage) Combustion of fossil fuel	CO₂
Anaerobic degradation of organic matter Coal mines	CH₄
Use of nitrogen fertilisers transformation of nitrogen compounds in the soi	N₂O
Use of refrigerant fluids (refrigerant gases	Hydro-fluorocarbons (HFC) SF6 Fugitive PFCs and SF6

The GHG have different lifetimes and different radiative forcing and therefore have different warming potentials. For the use of OIV GHG protocol we use the conversion to carbon dioxide equivalent in order to estimate the global emission of GHG of an enterprise or product in equivalent, so to obtain the homogeneity of the units used and results obtained.

The values for carbon dioxide equivalents or Global Warming Potentials (GWP) of the GHG are those determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These data are subject to regular updates from the IPCC and it is strongly recommended to use the last version available .

Taking into account the specificities of the vitivinicultural sector the GWP values to be used are those determined for the 100 years time-horizon.

Components of the inventory of GHG

A. Enterprise protocol

Emissions and storage of GHG in the framework of the Enterprise protocol (EP)

While estimating GHG emissions in the frameworks of the ENTERPISE PROTOCOL, the following emissions and sequestrations should be considered:

Direct emissions for each GHG (scope 1)
Direct suppression and storage of GHG (Scope 1)
Emissions related to energy consumption (scope 2)
Indirect emissions (scope 3)
Indirect sequestration (scope 3)

All calculations should be based on a reference period that is justified and representative;

Inventory of activities to be taken into account in the vitivinicultural sector according to the general principles of the OIV GHG protocol

The following table (table 2) based on the general principles of the OIV GHG accounting protocol, aims to help in constructing the GHG inventory.

Table 2 Identification of company operational boundaries and classification of emissions and storage of GHG gases under one of each of the three scopes.

SCOPE 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions (primary boundaries)	SCOPE 2 Purchased power utility (indirect GHG emissions) (primary boundaries)	SCOPE 3 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions (primary and secondary boundaries) Emissions from activities which are part of the core process of the enterprise but have been outsourced
EMISSIONS	EMISSIONS	EMISSIONS
1. Vineyard	Purchased power utility. It is recommended to account separately for electricity consumption for the needs of: Office/administration/Marketing Wine production viticulture	Primary boundaries
Land use change (conversion to a vineyard)		1. Production of purchased grapes, musts and wines
Biodegradation of vine structures in the soil (mandatory if accounted also as biomass carbon sequestration, otherwise recommendable	Purchased steam or heat (not important for wine industry)	Production of purchased grapes or must or wine (if the winery controls the production system of the purchased grapes or must)
N₂O emissions resulting from nitrogen fertilisation of the soil CH₄ emissions from soil, when occurring
2. on site fuel used		2. on site fuel used
Emissions from fossil sources (e.g.)		Emissions from fossil sources: emissions for extraction, refinery and transport of the fuel
Tractors, forklifts, harvesting machinery		Fuel used in rented or leased machinery (tractors, forklifts, harvesting, bottling...)
Bottling machinery		Fuel used by contractor in vineyard operations
fuels used in boilers and fixed machineries (if direct control)
Emissions from biomass and biofuels (according to LCA approach)		Emissions from biomass and biofuels (according to LCA approach)
emissions for production and transport of the biofuel (if the process, machinery and vehicle are under company ownership or control)		emissions for production and transport of the biofuel (if not under company control)
do not include emission from combustion of biofuels
		Electricity production in situ (for example photovoltaic panels)
		Secondary boundaries
		3. Production of purchased grapes, musts and wines
		If the winery does not control the production system and/or if it is not possible to know emissions of viticultural or vinification production chain of third parties (suppliers), a representative emission coefficient must be applied per unit purchased
3. Waste disposal, reuse and recycling in the company		4. Waste disposal, reuse and recycling
Waste disposal		Waste disposal
Aerobic waste treatment both solid and liquid of vitivinicultural origin, if previously accounted as biomass carbon sequestration	Energy consumed in the disposal (if inside the company boundaries and control)	Energy consumed in the disposal (if outside the company)
Onsite waste disposal (anaerobic digestion or incineration)
CH₄ emissions within waste systems (landfills without gas recovery) (if direct control)		CH₄ emissions within waste systems (landfills without gas recovery) (if outside company boundaries)
Emissions of GHG other than CO2 related to the use and degradation of biomass (if carbon sequestration in biomass is accounted)
Fuel consumed in the disposal (if inside the company boundaries and control)
Direct reuse
If reuse of wine by-products or waste inside the company boundaries. Emitted CH₄ and N₂0 have to be accounted (if under company control)
Recycling (Recycling of wine by-products or waste)		Energy consumed during recycling
4. Emissions related to cooling and refrigerating systems		5. Emissions related to the utilisation of Infrastructure and machinery (annual quota of amortization should be divided as life period of the equipment or the structure). For example:
Fugitive gaz of cooling systems (refrigeration, air conditioners, etc...)		Machineries
Dry ice		Tractors
		Harvesters
		Metal tanks
		Pipes
		Pumps
		Wine making equipment (press machine, filters, bottling line)
		vineyard posts and wires
5. Transport		6. Transport
Movement of product (if transport vehicle under company ownership or control)		Movement of product on behalf of third parties (if transport vehicle is not under company ownership or control)
Transport activities during the wine making process (inputs, products)
Transport of the wine from the winery to the customer or the consumer		Transport of the wine from the winery to the customer or the consumer
Transport of waste, residues or by-products (grape marc, pruned canes, etc...°		Transport of waste, residues or by-products (grape marc, pruned canes, etc...°
Movement of people		Movement of people
Business travel (if using company’s transport)		Business travel (if using transport not owned or controlled by the company)
		7. Inputs (e.g.)
		Fertilisers
		Phytosanitary products
		Water for irrigation purposes
		Yeast and bacteria
		Oenological aids
		Wine additives

		Bottles and containers
		Glass
		PET
		Laminate packaging
		Aluminium cans
		Wine bags
		Closures
		Aluminium screw caps
		Natural cork
		Agglomerate cork
		Glass stoppers
		Synthetic corks
		Label
		Packaging products
		Wooden products (pallets)
		Plastic films
		Paper for brochures, posters, publications
		Purchased consumables
		Energy for the storage and use of inputs (if indirect control, ex. in other sites)
STOCKAGE (optional to calculate)	STOCKAGE (optional to calculate)	STOCKAGE (optional to calculate
		Primary boundaries
1. Vineyard	N/A	1. Infrastructure
Non permanent vine growth (SHORT TERM CYCLE)		Oak barrels
Grape growth (SHORT TERM CYCLE)		Vineyard wood posts
Carbon sink of vine structures in the soil (ST CYCLE)		Wood infrastructures (low contributions, may be excluded from the Protocol)
Permanent and incremental stock or loss of carbon due to vineyard and soil management (Long TERM cycle)

2. Other
Agro ecological infrastructure related to the vineyard (only if managed or owned by the company ^[1]).
Sequestration of carbon emissions arising from fermentation

NOTE: Are excluded from GHG accounting for the purposes of the OIV GHG protocol the following emissions :

SCOPE 1

Direct greenhouse gas emissions (primary boundaries)

6. Energy and on site fuel used

Emissions from biomass and biofuels: Exclude emissions arising from biogenic carbon component when carbon component of the fuel is not made from vine
combustion from waste: no GHG are accounted if is derived from biogenic component of the waste

7. Transport

Movement of people

Travels of employees to their place of work within the company
Communication of actions undertaken by the company in order to reduce the GHG emissions related to the travel of employees to the place of work
Transport of consumer to and from the point of retail purchase

B. Product protocol

Constructing a GHG footprint calculation for a product

Definition of the carbon footprint in the vitivinicultural sector:

Carbon footprint of a product is a sum of GHG emissions and removals in a product system, expressed as equivalent.

Product life cycle in the vitivinicultural sector:

The following product life phases are considered for viticultural products covered by the OIC GHG protocol (resolution CST 431-2011):

Wine or special wine	Grape Fresh grape or raisins for human consumption
Grape production	Grape production
Wine processing and packaging	Packaging and conditioning
Distribution and retail	Distribution and retail
End-life-phase (including use phase), covering disposal and recycling	End-life-phase (including use phase), covering disposal and recycling

Emissions arising during consumption phase are not included in the carbon footprint of a viticultural product.

Functional unit

Functional unit for the purposes of the carbon footprint of a vitivinicultural product is: )

Wine and special wine : 0.75L (or other sizes according to the purpose of the study)

Grapes or rasins : 1 kg

Definition of product boundaries

“Cradle-to-grave” approach should be adopted

Boundaries should be clearly defined according to the objectives set up by the company and adequately communicated.

Partial CFP, with partial number of stages can be conducted (for business decision making), provided that they are clearly identified and adequately disclosed.

Inventory of GHG emissions and sequestrations during the phases of the product life cycle in the vitivinicultural sector

The following table (table 3) presents the inventory of processes which should be taken into account for the calculation of carbon footprint of the vitivinicultural products.

Table 3 Inventory of GHG emissions and sequestrations during the phases of the product life cycle in the wine production

	Grape production	Wine processing	Distribution and retail	End-life-phase (including use phase, covering disposal and recycling)
1. Vineyard
Land use change (conversion to a vineyard)	√
Training and trellising systems phase (years amortisation recalculated quota according to the expected lifetime of the vineyards).	√
Biodegradation of vine structures in the soil ) only in Short term cycle), if accounted also as biomass carbon sequestration	√
N₂0 and CH₄ emissions resulting from nitrogen fertilisation of the soil	√
2. Energy and on site fuel used
Emissions from fossil sources
Tractors, forklifts, harvesting machinery	√	√
Bottling machinery		√
Energy for the storage and use of inputs (if direct control)	√	√	√	√
Emissions from biofuels (not from combustion of biofuels)
Include emissions from transport of the biofuel	√	√	√	√
Include emissions from production of the fuel	√	√	√	√
3. Waste disposal, reuse and recycling
Waste disposal
Aerobic waste treatment both solid and liquid of vitivinicultural origin	√	√		√
Onsite waste disposal (anaerobic digestion or incineration)	√	√		√
CH₄ emissions within waste systems (landfills without gas recovery)	√	√		√
Emissions of GHG other than CO₂ related to the use and degradation of biomass	√	√
Energy consumed in the disposal (if inside the company boundaries)	√	√	√	√
CO₂ emissions from waste water	√	√	√	√
Direct reuse
If reuse of wine by-products or waste inside the company boundaries, only if CH₄ and N₂O are present. Examples:	√	√
Pruned canes ground for soil amendment	√	√
Preparation and burning of wood residues or grape marc for energy purposes	√	√
Compost preparation	√	√
Distillation of wine or grape marc		√
4. Emissions related the utilisation of machineries and Infrastructure if they are significant (e.g.)
Tractors	√
Wires	√
Harvesters	√
Metal tanks		√
Pipes		√
CO₂ for pipe flushing		√
Pumps		√
Wine making equipment (press machine, filters, bottling line)		√
fugitive Gaz of cooling systems (refrigeration, air conditioners, etc...)		√
Dry ice, blanket tanks		√
Oak barrels		√
Cleaning		√
Transport		√
Forklifts	√	√	√	√
5. Emissions related to the production of infrastructure and machinery (years amortisation recalculated quota according to the expected lifetime, if they are significant).
Repair and maintenance of machineries and infrastructure items	√	√	√	√
Tractors	√
Harvesters	√
Metal tanks		√
Pipes		√
Pumps		√
Wine making equipment (press machine, filters, bottling line)		√
vineyard wooden posts	√
6. Production of inputs. (All inputs used for the product object analysed. For example:
Fertilisers	√
Phytosanitary products	√
Water for irrigation purposes	√
Yeast and bacteria		√
Oenological aids		√
Wine additives		√
Heat-transfer gases		√
Bottles and containers			√
Glass			√
PET			√
Laminate packaging			√
Aluminium cans			√
Wine bags			√
Closures			√
Aluminium screw caps			√
Natural cork			√
Agglomerate cork			√
Glass stoppers			√
Synthetic corks			√
Label			√
Packaging products	√	√	√
Wooden products (pallets)	√	√	√
Plastic films	√	√	√
Paper for brochures, posters, publications	√	√	√
Purchased consumables
7. Transport
Movement of products
Transport of inputs	√	√
Transport activities during the wine making process		√
Transport of the wine from the winery to the customer or the consumer			√
Transport of waste or residues to a disposal centre				√
Transport of by-products (pruned canes, grape marc ...) – if under direct responsibility of the company	√	√
Transport to recycling centre
Movement of people Business travel (if using company’s transport)	√	√	√
8. Use phase				√
9. Disposal. It is to consider the end of life of products and packaging				√

Quantification process

Quantification shall include all GHG emissions and removals arising from the unit process identified.

The following assessments should be made before initiating the quantification process:

Which unit process need detailed assessment due to a significant expected contribution?
Which process may be merged due to similar nature of contribution (ex.: transport activities)
Which unit process may need to rely on secondary data (collection of primary data is not possible or practical?)

[Methodologies and emission factors used in the calculation of GHG emissions must come from a recognized source]

^[1] Gianelle, D; L. Gristina; A. Pitacco; D.Spano; T. La Mantia; S. Marras; F. Meggio; A. Novara;C. Sirca and M. Sottocornola (2015). “The Role of Vineyards in the Carbon

Balance Throughout Italy”Chapter.11. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. R. Valentini and F. Miglietta (eds.), The Greenhouse Gas Balance of Italy, Environmental Science and Engineering, 159-171. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32424-6_11.